Initial reviews of the Pintos handling and performance were largely positive, and sales remained strong, with Ford introducing new Pinto models such as the Runabout and the Sprint over the course of the early 1970s. these auto insurers and insurance associations. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Grimshaws lawyer found that the Pintos gas tank sat behind the rear axle, where it was particularly vulnerable to damage by rear-end collisions. A total of2,974 of the 53,890 of drivers in fatal crashes (or 6 percent) that occurred in 2020 were coded as distracted. In 1970, at the time of the accident, the intersection was already notorious for fatal accidents, but the death of the Krueger family would be one of the worst. Alcohol was a factor in accident. Iowa Motor Vehicle Crashes - 1925 to 2020 Fatalities Fatal Crashes Injuries Injury Crashes Licensed Drivers Fatality Rate3 Total Crash Rate3 Registered Motor Vehicles Rate4 . But a significant physical limitation made it a poor fit in ensembles made up of brass, read more, On August 10, 1984, the action thriller Red Dawn, starring Patrick Swayze, opens in theaters as the first movie to be released with a PG-13 rating. From 1975 to 2020, the rate of deaths per 100,000 people declined by80 percent for people 12 and younger (from 7.9 to 1.6),68 percent for teenagers (from 29.4 to 9.3), 41 percent for people ages 20-34 (from 29.6 to 17.5), 25 percent for people ages 35-69 (from 17.5 to 13.1), and53 percent for people 70 and older (from 25.9 to 12.1). Figure 5 Nine killed. (2021). There are opportunities to lower the risk of motor vehicle accidents and the injuries and deaths that result. The number of all New York State vehicle registrations considered active in the years 2007 - 2016, listed by county and type of registration. However, the motor vehicle safety picture is not entirely positive. Ford claimed that the Pintos fuel-tank design was the same as other subcompacts, and that the company had done everything possible to comply with the recall once it had been enacted. Average daily number of deaths from motor vehicle accident, by month, Canada, 2000 to 2004. In 2020, the percentage of crash deaths involving speeding was higher on minor roads (33 percent) than on interstates and freeways (30 percent) or on other major roads (27 percent). August 2003 was the hottest August ever recorded in the northern read more, On August 10, 1977, 24-year-old postal employee David Berkowitz is arrested and charged with being the Son of Sam, the serial killer who terrorized New York City for more than a year, killing six young people and wounding seven others with a .44-caliber revolver. U.S. Department of Transportation. Table 1 An article written by Steve Marquardt in the Dec. 6 Journal, described the 1.4 miles stretch from Broadway to the Highway 14 and 15 junction as one of the deadliest in the state. The Kruegers were not the first to be killed near this intersection. From 2000 through 2004, there were 44,192 accidental deaths in Canada; 32% of them (14,082) were the result of motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). The Krueger family was traveling on Highway 15 in a 1970 Volkswagen van. "A" Severe injuries include skull fractures, internal injuries, broken or distorted limbs, unconsciousness, severe lacerations, and unable to leave the scene without assistance. Today, the Louvres collection is one of the richest in the world, with artwork and artifacts representative of 11,000 years of human read more, After a decade of debate about how best to spend a bequest left to America from an obscure English scientist, President James K. Polk signs the Smithsonian Institution Act into law on August 10, 1846. In the 15 to 24 age group, MVA deaths (3,417) accounted for 70% of all accidental deaths (4,895). 1960-65: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,Highway Statistics Summary to 1995, FHWA-PL-97-009 (Washington, DC: July 1997), table VM-201A, available athttp://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfmas of Apr. Crashes are the rounded sum of fatal crashes, an actual count from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, and injury crashes and property damage only crashes, which are estimates from the National Automotive Sampling System-General Estimates System. See our Cancellations, Closings and Delays page for more information. Car crashes into concrete slab on Ramona Freeway, Los Angeles, January 28, 1952 Hot rod accident at Bellevue Avenue and Silver Lake Boulevard, one goes into the other, and both hit third one, Los Angeles, March 25, 1952 Overturned car at 54th Street and Western Avenue, Los Angeles, April 15, 1952 In the 15 to 24 age group, MVA deaths (3,417) accounted for 70% of all accidental deaths (4,895). It excludes indirect car-related fatalities. Due to a lack of evidence, the jury found Ford not guilty in that case. Crude death rate for motor vehicle accident, by sex, Canada, 1979 to 2004. 2021: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Traffic Volume Trends (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), tables 6 and 7, available at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/travel_monitoring/tvt.cfm as of May 17, 2022. Staff photo by Clay Schuldt The Property Damage Crash reports include only data from crashes that cause damage of more than $1,000 to the property of one person. Fatalities data prior to 1975 have been adjusted to reflect the Fatality Analysis Reporting System's definition of a fatal crash as one that involves a motor vehicle on a trafficway, which results in the death of a vehicle occupant or a nonmotorist within 30 days of the crash. The economic and societal impact of motor vehicle crashes, 2019(Report No. Discuss Grand Ledge, Michigan (MI) on our hugely popular Michigan forum. Throughout the month, an intense heat wave scorched the European continent, claiming more than 35,000 lives. 1971 October, Multnomah County. The Getty Images design is a trademark of Getty Images. Semi-truck going too fast failed to negotiate Pedal cyclists and operators of agricultural vehicles made up 2% and 1% of deaths, respectively. The previous intersection was notorious for fatal car accidents, the worst of which occurred 50 years ago today. Crash data from 2015 and moving forward is housed in a publicly-accessible, searchable, Internet-based archive called the Traffic Safety Statistical Repository (TSSR). NOTE: It is important to note that the data for 2006 are not strictly comparable to the data for previous years. He believes a simple rumble strip at that intersection might have prevented the accident. . Changes in data collection and reporting that began during 2006 with respect to property damage crashes have increased the total number of crashes; the changes resulted in more property damage crashes being captured in the statewide Accident Information System (AIS) maintained by the DMV. Pedestrians involved in fatal accidents 7. 1996-2023, Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Highway Loss Data Institute, 501(c)(3) organizations | Copyright information and privacy policy. Despite this, they remain a leading cause of death for young people. Average annual rate of death from motor vehicle accident, by age and sex, Canada, 2000 to 2004. Institute researchers analyze these data each year to quantify the public health problem of motor vehicle deaths. Of these, the most common distractionwas generally distracted or lost in thought (daydreaming) at 64 percent of distracted drivers. Alcohol was a factor in accident. Property Damage Accidents that law enforcement agencies reported were not included in the year 2002. In 1902, Virginias father read more. 1970-2020: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics (Washington, DC: Annual Issues), table VM-202, and similar tables in earlier editions, available at http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics.cfm as of Jan. 20, 2022. Motor vehicle accident deaths Health Matters Motor vehicle accident deaths, 1979 to 2004 by Pamela L. Ramage-Morin Despite the ever-increasing number of drivers and vehicles, fatal collisions and those resulting in personal injury have steadily declined over the past 20 years.1 Even so, motor vehicle accidents remain a leading cause of A total of 38,824 people died in motor vehicle crashes in 2020. Seniors (65 or older) also had a rate above the national level at 13 deaths per 100,000 population. The Krueger family would often hire students at Cathedral to babysit. Crash information - National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. 4 0 obj Figure 4 Newspapers.com makes these newspapers available for the purpose of historical research, and is not responsible for the content of any newspapers archived at our site. % "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. The Highway Loss Data Institute (HLDI) shares and supports this mission through scientific studies of insurance data representing the human and economic losses resulting from the ownership and operation of different types of vehicles and by publishing insurance loss results by vehicle make and model. For more federal statistics, visit the Federal Railroad Administration's Office of . Crash data from 2015 and moving forward is housed in a publicly-accessible, searchable, Internet-based archive called theTraffic Safety Statistical Repository (TSSR). A relatively large proportion of pedestrians killed in MVAs were seniors. KEY: N = data do not exist; NA = not applicable; P = preliminary. Sixty-two percent of crash fatalities in 2020 were passenger vehicle occupants, 17 percent were pedestrians, 14 percent were motorcyclists, 2 percent were bicyclists, and 2 percent were occupants of large trucks. On December 3, 1970, a two-car accident resulted in the deaths of all five members of the Krueger family, including Richard and Mary Krueger, their twin 14-month-old daughters Shannon and Shawn, and Marys 12-year-old brother Anthony George. )jc|ey_5a^tU=M4pEY.F[G TcO?A60mrK'66 ^Q0/"A8 Motor-vehicle deaths in the United States have decreased greatly since the 1970s and 1980s. The term "vehicles" does not include bicycles. Enroll in the Donate Life Registry to become an organ donor. 13, 2011. %PDF-1.3 Fatal car crashes and road traffic accidents in Grand Ledge, Michigan, Grand Ledge, Michigan accidents on our local forum, Fatal car crash and road traffic accident statistics for 2016, Fatal car crash and road traffic accident statistics for 2013. In 2020, speeding was a factor in 29 percent of motor vehicle crash deaths. Agency Directory However, the daily number of MVA deaths fluctuated across the seasons. Fatal accident count 13. A lock ( LockA locked padlock ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Head-on collision on Ore. 6 east of Tillamook. Calculated by U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia also had rates above the national figure. The purpose of this study was to extend the analysis of alcohol involvement in Michigan fatal accidents. Among fatally injured passenger vehicle occupants age 13 and older in 2020,44 percent of drivers and 41 percent of passengers were belted. Five killed. A California appeals court upheld the Grimshaw victory, however, ordering Ford to pay $6.6 million and stating that the companys institutional mentality was shown to be one of callous indifference to public safety., https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fatal-ford-pinto-crash-in-indiana. Young men were particularly at risk, with a rate of 10 deaths per 100,000, compared with 4 per 100,000 for women of the same age (data not shown). 1990-2020: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, personal communication, Oct. 16, 2018, Nov. 6, 2019, Jan. 6, 2021, and Mar. Lee Iacocca, then an executive vice president at Ford and later to earn fame as head of Chrysler, spearheaded the Pintos development. Thiswas the largestannual increase in deaths per miles traveled since the beginning of the Fatality Analysis Reporting System in 1975. The fatal crash was one of a series of Pinto accidents that caused a national scandal during the 1970s. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The U.S. Department of Transportation's most recent estimate of the annual economic cost of crashes is $340 billion. These rates represent a33 percent increase for drivers and a 41 percent increase for passengers compared with 1995, when only 33 percent of fatally injured drivers and 29 percent of fatally injured passengers were belted. The accident hit home for Brands family. Contributing to the death toll are alcohol, speeding, lack of seat belt use and other problematic behaviors. Average annual rate of death as occupant of motor vehicle or pedestrian, by age group, Canada, 2000 to 2004. 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1989 1988 1987 1986 1985 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 912 1969 1968 . struck second car head-on. "B" Moderate injuries include visible injuries such as a "lump" on the head, abrasions, and minor lacerations. 1970s Car Accidents Were BRUTAL - Scenes From A Very Bad Day On A Rural Vermont Highway Circa 1975 Feb 05, 2014 Craig Fitzgerald HISTORIC 9 The University of Vermont runs an amazing photo archive called the Vermont Landscape Change Program. May 1970 Accident There were 33 intoxicated drivers, caught in crashes. An additional four died in construction-related accidents when the road received a rerouting. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Grand Ledge fatal accident statistics for 1975 - 2019. The death of two beloved teachers was hard for the school, but the additional loss of the twin girls was devastating. This was a7 percent increase in deaths compared with 2019. . Date Location State Fatalities Notes Description; 1/5/1970: Dundee: KS: 5: family: 2 cars Forty-seven drivers claim they lost control of their cars. ]R;{1oWN2B][Kgesb(Z]e`l'MUFn15!PW_exiqi\e~e?/v:Bj&gmAh?Jj%-~Q ]6^rW^"ji}`S$ka2. In 1975, the U.S. Department of Transportation started an annual census of motor vehicle deaths, recording information on crash type, vehicle type, road type, driver characteristics and a variety of other factors. A total of 38,824 people died in motor vehicle crashes in 2020. Died 11 months after the crash without regaining consciousness. U.S. Department of Transportation.Unrestrained vehicle occupants are more likely than restrained occupants to be fatally injured in a crash, so belt use is much lower among fatally injured occupants. Clipping found in The Central New Jersey Home News in New Brunswick, New Jersey on May 22, 1970. Traffic Safety Statistical Repository (TSSR), New York State Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State Alcohol-Related Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State Drug-Related Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State Bicycle Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State Motorcycle Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State Pedestrian Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State Speed-Related Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State Large Truck Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State School Vehicle Crash Summary - 2014 (PDF), New York State Alcohol-Related Crash Data - 2013 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Crash Data - 2013 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Crash Data - 2013 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Crash Data - 2013 (pdf), New York State Speed-Related Crash Data - 2013 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Crash Data - 2013 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Crash Data - 2013 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Crash Data - 2012 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Crash Data - 2012 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Crash Data - 2012 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Crash Data - 2012 (pdf), New York State Speed-Related Crash Data - 2012 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Crash Data - 2012 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Crash Data - 2012 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Crash Data - 2011 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Crash Data - 2011 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Crash Data - 2011 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Crash Data - 2011 (pdf), New York State Speed-Related Crash Data - 2011 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Crash Data - 2011 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Crash Data - 2011 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2010 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2010 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2010 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2010 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2010 (pdf), New York State Speed-Related Accident Data - 2010 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2010 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2010 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2009 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2009 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2009 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2009 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2009 (pdf), New York State Speed-Related Accident Data - 2009 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2009 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2009 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2008 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2008 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2008 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2008 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2008 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2008 (pdf), New York State Speed-Related Accident Data - 2008 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2008 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2007 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2007 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2007 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2007 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2007 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2007 (pdf), New York State Speed-Related Accident Data - 2007 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2007 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2006 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2006 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2006 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2006 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2006 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2006 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2006 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2005 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2005 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2005 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2005 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2005 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2005 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2005 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2004 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2004 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2004 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2004 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2004 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2004 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2004 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2003 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2003 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2003 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2003 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2003 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2003 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2003 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2002 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2002 (pdf), New York State Large Truck Accident Data - 2002 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2002 (pdf), New York State Bicycle Accident Data - 2002 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle Accident Data - 2002 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian Accident Data - 2002 (pdf), New York State Accident Data - 2001 (pdf), New York State Alcohol-Related Accident Data - 2001 (pdf), New York State Bicycle and Motor Vehicle Accident Data - 2001 (pdf), New York State Pedestrian and Motor Vehicle Accident Data - 2001 (pdf), New York State Large Truck and Motor Vehicle Accident Data - 2001 (pdf), New York State Motorcycle and Motor Vehicle Accident Data - 2001 (pdf), New York City Motor Vehicle Accident Data - 2001 (pdf), New York State School Vehicle Accident Data - 2001 (pdf), New York State Accident Data (2000) (pdf), New York State Accident Data (1999) (pdf), New York State Accident Data (1998) (pdf), New York State Accident Data (1997) (pdf), New York State Accident Data (1996) (pdf), New York State Accident Data (1995) (pdf), 10-Year Summary of Accident Data for New York State (1991 - 2000) (pdf), 10-Year Summary of Accident Data for New York State (1990 - 1999) (pdf), 10-Year Summary of Accident Data for New York State (1989 - 1998) (pdf), 10-Year Summary of Accident Data for New York State (1988 - 1997) (pdf), 10-Year Summary of Accident Data for New York State (1987 - 1996) (pdf), Accident Frequency Rates of Counties According to Population and Vehicle Registration (2000) (pdf), Accident Frequency Rates of Counties According to Population and Vehicle Registration (1999) (pdf), Accident Frequency Rates of Counties According to Population and Vehicle Registration (1998) (pdf), Accident Frequency Rates of Counties According to Population and Vehicle Registration (1997) (pdf), Accident Frequency Rates of Counties According to Population and Vehicle Registration (1996) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2017) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2016) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2015) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2014) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2013) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2012) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2011) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2010) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2009) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2008) (pdf), Vehicle Registrations in Force (2007) (pdf), Christian Jackstadt, Executive Deputy Commissioner, Joseph Crisafulli, Deputy Commissioner of Operations, Joshua Vinciguerra, Deputy Commissioner and General Counsel, Lisa Koumjian, Deputy Commissioner for Communications and Customer Service, Rebecca Wood, Deputy Commissioner for Policy, Safety & Driver Licensing, Laws pertaining to vehicle identification numbers, Website accessibility practices and procedures. Vehicles involved in fatal accidents 22. The Highway 14/15 interchange celebrates its one year anniversary. As Douglas Brinkley wrote in Wheels for the World, his history of Ford, the Ehrlich girls, who died in the rear-end collision in Indiana on August 8, 1978, were apparently unaware of the Pinto-related dangers; their family would not receive a recall notice until early 1979. Grand Ledge, Michigan. Use at your own risk. The bus missed a curve, crashed through the guardrail and toppled into a stony ravine, killing 44 people and injuring four (there were initially five injured but one later died from their wounds). Technological advances such as anti-lock braking, airbags, improved seat belts and child restraints make vehicles safer.4-6 Legislation and enforcement of speed limits, blood alcohol levels, seat belt use, bicycle helmets for children, and other safety measures are intended to protect vehicle occupants, pedestrians and cyclists.7 Changing social norms discourage drinking and driving.8. The new interchange was completed in August 2019. Memorials on state highways . . NOTE: The total number of accidents was less in the year 2002 than in the year 2001. An article in Mother Jones magazine in the fall of 1977 exposed the Pinto safety concerns to a national audience, and a California jurys award of $128 million to Grimshaw in February 1978 spread the news still further. (2021). 1993 July, Deschutes County. Head-on collision on Ore. 6 east of Tillamook. The lowest number in any month was in March of the same year, with a daily average of 5 fatalities. Five killed. NOTE: It is important to note that the data for 2007 are not strictly comparable to the data for previous years. Time researchers collected data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration on fatal accidents between 2003 and 2012 and found a high number occurred within 15 feet of this location. A grand jury later returned indictments against Ford on three counts of reckless homicide in the Ehrlich case, marking the first time in history that a corporation had been charged with murder. Statewide Summaries of Nebraska Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents by Month and Year Note: Entire Statewide Summaries contain year-end reports for: counties, 32 largest cities, pedalcyclist pedestrian, train, young drivers, and other miscellaneous reports. Because read more, After more than two centuries as a royal palace, the Louvre is opened as a public museum in Paris by the French revolutionary government. Streamline your workflow with our best-in-class digital asset management system. The rate of crash deaths per 100 million miles traveled increased by 21 percent from 1.11 in 2019 to 1.34 in 2020. Tire blow-outs caused 11 injuries. 2020 32 Largest Cities Special Summaries Individual County Summary Reports Monthly Reports DOT HS 813-403). While seat belt technology has improved and legislation mandates their use, many adults still fail to "buckle up"themselves or their children.9 Related problems include car and booster seats that are incorrectly installed or placed in high-risk positions (front passenger seat, for example), and children who are not using age- or size-appropriate restraints.5 The widespread use of cellphones, navigation systems and other telematic devices add to driver distraction.10,11 Driving under the influence of alcohol, although declining, continues to be a problem, particularly among young drivers.12 Driving under the influence of cannabis is a related concern.13 Rural roads pose another threatin 2004, 62% of collisions resulting in a fatality were in rural areas.1 Weather frequently plays a part in motor vehicle accidents, as does human error such as fatigued and drowsy driving.14 "Road rage," a term first coined in 1988,15 which describes "uncontrolled anger that results in violence or threatened violence on the road,"16 reflects an extreme form of human error.